What Does A Ichthyologist Study
Ichthyology is the co-operative of zoology devoted to the study of fish, including bony fish (Osteichthyes), cartilaginous fish (Chondrichthyes), and jawless fish (Agnatha). According to FishBase, 33,400 species of fish had been described every bit of October 2016, with approximately 250 new species described each yr.[i] [ citation needed ]
Etymology [edit]
The give-and-take is derived from the Greek words ἰχθύς, ikhthus, meaning "fish"; and λογία, logia, meaning "to study".[2] [3]
History [edit]
Fish represent approximately 8% of all figurative depictions on Mimbres pottery.
The study of fish dates from the Upper Paleolithic Revolution (with the advent of "high culture"). The science of ichthyology was developed in several interconnecting epochs, each with various meaning advancements.
The study of fish receives its origins from humans' desire to feed, clothe, and equip themselves with useful implements. Co-ordinate to Michael Barton, a prominent ichthyologist and professor at Center College, "the earliest ichthyologists were hunters and gatherers who had learned how to obtain the almost useful fish, where to obtain them in abundance, and at what times they might exist the most available". Early on cultures manifested these insights in abstruse and identifiable artistic expressions.
1500 BC–40 AD [edit]
Informal, scientific descriptions of fish are represented inside the Judeo-Christian tradition. The Onetime Testament laws of kashrut forbade the consumption of fish without scales or appendages.[ citation needed ] Theologians and ichthyologists believe that the apostle Peter and his contemporaries harvested the fish that are today sold in modern industry along the Sea of Galilee, presently known as Lake Kinneret. These fish include cyprinids of the genera Barbus and Mirogrex, cichlids of the genus Sarotherodon, and Mugil cephalus of the family Mugilidae.
335 BC–fourscore Advertizing [edit]
Aristotle incorporated ichthyology into formal scientific report. Betwixt 333 and 322 BC, he provided the primeval taxonomic nomenclature of fish, accurately describing 117 species of Mediterranean fish.[iv] Furthermore, Aristotle documented anatomical and behavioral differences between fish and marine mammals. After his expiry, some of his pupils continued his ichthyological inquiry. Theophrastus, for case, composed a treatise on amphibious fish. The Romans, although less devoted to science, wrote extensively about fish. Pliny the Elder, a notable Roman naturalist, compiled the ichthyological works of indigenous Greeks, including verifiable and ambiguous peculiarities such as the sawfish and mermaid, respectively. Pliny's documentation was the last significant contribution to ichthyology until the European Renaissance.
European Renaissance [edit]
The writings of three 16th-century scholars, Hippolito Salviani, Pierre Belon, and Guillaume Rondelet, signify the conception of modern ichthyology. The investigations of these individuals were based upon actual research in comparison to aboriginal recitations. This property popularized and emphasized these discoveries. Despite their prominence, Rondelet's De Piscibus Marinis is regarded as the virtually influential, identifying 244 species of fish.
16th–17th century [edit]
The incremental alterations in navigation and shipbuilding throughout the Renaissance marked the showtime of a new epoch in ichthyology. The Renaissance culminated with the era of exploration and colonization, and upon the cosmopolitan interest in navigation came the specialization in naturalism. Georg Marcgrave of Saxony composed the Naturalis Brasilae in 1648. This document independent a description of 100 species of fish indigenous to the Brazilian coastline. In 1686, John Ray and Francis Willughby collaboratively published Historia Piscium, a scientific manuscript containing 420 species of fish, 178 of these newly discovered. The fish contained within this informative literature were arranged in a conditional system of classification.
Frontispiece from Ichthyologia, sive Opera Omnia de Piscibus by Peter Artedi
The classification used within the Historia Piscium was further developed by Carl Linnaeus, the "father of mod taxonomy". His taxonomic approach became the systematic approach to the written report of organisms, including fish. Linnaeus was a professor at the Academy of Uppsala and an eminent botanist; even so, one of his colleagues, Peter Artedi, earned the title "begetter of ichthyology" through his indispensable advancements. Artedi contributed to Linnaeus's refinement of the principles of taxonomy. Furthermore, he recognized five boosted orders of fish: Malacopterygii, Acanthopterygii, Branchiostegi, Chondropterygii, and Plagiuri. Artedi developed standard methods for making counts and measurements of anatomical features that are modernly exploited. Some other associate of Linnaeus, Albertus Seba, was a prosperous pharmacist from Amsterdam. Seba assembled a cabinet, or drove, of fish. He invited Artedi to utilize this assortment of fish; unfortunately, in 1735, Artedi fell into an Amsterdam canal and drowned at the age of 30.
Linnaeus posthumously published Artedi'south manuscripts as Ichthyologia, sive Opera Omnia de Piscibus (1738). His refinement of taxonomy culminated in the evolution of the binomial nomenclature, which is in use past gimmicky ichthyologists. Furthermore, he revised the orders introduced by Artedi, placing significance on pelvic fins. Fish lacking this bagginess were placed within the order Apodes; fish containing intestinal, thoracic, or jugular pelvic fins were termed Abdominales, Thoracici, and Jugulares, respectively. However, these alterations were not grounded within evolutionary theory. Therefore, over a century was needed for Charles Darwin to provide the intellectual foundation needed to perceive that the caste of similarity in taxonomic features was a consequence of phylogenetic relationships.
Modern era [edit]
Close to the dawn of the 19th century, Marcus Elieser Bloch of Berlin and Georges Cuvier of Paris made attempts to consolidate the knowledge of ichthyology. Cuvier summarized all of the available information in his monumental Histoire Naturelle des Poissons. This manuscript was published between 1828 and 1849 in a 22-book series. This certificate describes 4,514 species of fish, 2,311 of these new to science. Information technology remains 1 of the most ambitious treatises of the modern earth. Scientific exploration of the Americas advanced noesis of the remarkable diversity of fish. Charles Alexandre Lesueur was a educatee of Cuvier. He fabricated a cabinet of fish dwelling within the Smashing Lakes and Saint Lawrence River regions.
Adventurous individuals such as John James Audubon and Constantine Samuel Rafinesque figure in the faunal documentation of North America. They ofttimes traveled with one another. Rafinesque wrote Ichthyologic Ohiensis in 1820. In addition, Louis Agassiz of Switzerland established his reputation through the report of freshwater fish and the first comprehensive treatment of palaeoichthyology, Poisson Fossil's. In the 1840s, Agassiz moved to the United states, where he taught at Harvard University until his death in 1873.
Albert Günther published his Catalogue of the Fish of the British Museum between 1859 and 1870, describing over half dozen,800 species and mentioning another 1,700. Mostly considered ane of the virtually influential ichthyologists, David Starr Jordan wrote 650 articles and books on the subject and served every bit president of Indiana University and Stanford University.
Modern publications [edit]
| Publication | Frequency | Engagement of publication | Publisher |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ichthyology & Herpetology | Quarterly | 27 December 1913 | American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists |
| Journal of Practical Ichthyology | Bi-monthly | 1985 | Blackwell Publishing |
| Ichthyological Message | Irregular | January 1956 | Rhodes University |
Organizations [edit]
| Organizations | Organizations |
|---|---|
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Notable ichthyologists [edit]
Members of this list meet ane or more than of the post-obit criteria: one) Author of 50 or more fish taxon names, 2) Author of major reference piece of work in ichthyology, 3) Founder of major journal or museum, 4) Person most notable for other reasons who has also worked in ichthyology.
|
| Paleoichthyologists [edit]
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See too [edit]
- Ichthyology terms
- Ichthyology and GIS
- Meristics
References [edit]
- ^ FishBase: Oct 2016 Update. Retrieved 7 October 2016.
- ^ ἰχθύς . Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; An Intermediate Greek–English Dictionary at the Perseus Projection
- ^ λόγος . Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project
- ^ Gudger, Eastward. W. (1934). "The V Great Naturalists of the Sixteenth Century: Belon, Rondelet, Salviani, Gesner and Aldrovandi: A Chapter in the History of Ichthyology". Isis. 22 (1): 21–xl. JSTOR 225322.
- ^ "Panhellenic Social club of Technologists Ichthyologists". Archived from the original on 2008-ten-20.
Additional references [edit]
- Bond, Carl Eastward (1996) Biology of Fish. Saunders. ISBN 0-03-070342-5.
- Nelson, Joseph S (2006) Fish of the Earth. Wiley. ISBN 0-471-25031-7.
- Michael Barton (2007) Bail'south Biology of Fish, Tertiary Edition. Julet. ISBN 0-12-079875-ane.
- Pauly D, Froese R, Palomares ML and Stergiou KI (2014) Fish on line, Version 3 A guide to learning and pedagogy ichthyology using the FishBase Information Organization.
External links [edit]
- Brian Coad's Dictionary of Ichthyology
- Ichthyology Spider web Resources
- List of Ichthyologists Archived 2012-02-26 at the Wayback Auto
What Does A Ichthyologist Study,
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichthyology
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